Violence Crimes Observatory Report – 2021

The report aims to provide an analytical reading of the crimes of violence against women and girls in Egypt during 2021, as it relied on both descriptive and analytical approaches in collecting information and data, where the press coverage of the majority of gender-based violence crimes against women and girls in official and private newspapers issued in the spatial scope of Arab Republic of Egypt and during a time frame that includes 2021, was monitored and documented.

You can view the report here: Observatory_Report_2021

Ink on Paper “The Crime of Child Marriage”

Child or underage marriage is a crime deeply entrenched in the norms of Egyptian society, particularly in rural communities and Upper Egypt. It is one of the most widespread forms of complex violence, violating not only the rights of girls but also robbing them of their childhood, often resulting in severe health and psychological issues.

According to a number of international organizations, 12 million girls around the world are married before the age of 18 every year. Egypt and Yemen have some of the highest rates of underage marriage in the Arab region and the Middle East.

Indicators show that the rates of child marriage have increased since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, as economic conditions and destitution mainly push families to get rid of their daughters.

Given the prevalence of child marriage in Egyptian society and its multifaceted impact on social, economic, health, and psychological aspects, this paper aims to explore the primary causes of this issue. Additionally, it proposes recommendations to address and mitigate child marriage within the Egyptian context, while also examining legislative efforts made since 2017 to criminalize the practice.

The paper delves into several key aspects, including defining the phenomenon of child marriage, its underlying causes, and the stance of legislators. This analysis is juxtaposed with the realities of child marriage on the ground and its consequences for both society and the state. Furthermore, it evaluates the effectiveness of the National Strategy to Combat Early Marriage (2015-2020) and offers recommendations aimed at combating this phenomenon within Egyptian society.

For your perusal: Ink on paper (1)

The Economic Cost of Child Marriage

Written by – Toqa Mokhtar Hussein

Toqa Mokhtar – Content Creator at  صُوتِك Your Voice Initiative

The phenomenon of child marriage continues to contribute to the spread of poverty and restricts the economic growth of the country. Child marriage has economic costs for the state and negative impacts on human development. A new report published by the World Bank and the International Center for Research on Women confirms that developing countries will lose trillions of dollars by 2030 due to child marriage. It also indicated that preventing child marriage has positive effects on the economies of these countries, including:

  1. Preventing child marriage will have significant positive effects on the educational attainment of girls and their future children and contribute to women having fewer children, increasing their expected income and improving the future well-being of their families.
  2. It will reduce the overall fertility rates, leading to a significant decrease in population growth rates over time. This in turn will result in increased annual welfare gains.
  3. It will reduce child mortality rates for children under five and rates of stunted growth due to inadequate nutrition (stunting). Globally, estimates suggest that the benefits of reducing under-five mortality and malnutrition rates could exceed 90 billion dollars annually by 2030.
  4. Governments will benefit from budget savings due to reduced spending on basic education, health services, and other services.

“Other Box” – Blackmail

Written by: Nourhan Ismail

Author and Founder of The Other Sex Podcast

The internet has been my friend since high school; it helped me break out of my isolation and opened my eyes to the outside world, not just outside my home, but outside Egypt as well.

It increased my knowledge and helped me with my college projects, then because of it, I was hired by several companies, and it gave me the opportunity to work abroad as well. The internet has been my window to the world for over twenty years and has contributed significantly to the success of my own business, and all of my work. Because of it, I published my articles, books, and works, and I earned a lot from it, and it helped me to connect closely with everyone and everything I love.

These are the public stories I have always bragged about since learning how to navigate the digital world, which remains a significant part of my work today. Digital marketing and intellectual property protection are the foundation of my work, followed by managing my content, whether for my writing page or my relationship podcast. However, there are hidden aspects I have always hidden because, of course, it was easier to blame me than to face the truth that we – girls- are frequently subjected to digital violence and blackmail without much support from society.

A single conversation or a single photo sent to someone you trusted can lead to severe psychological battles, threats of scandal and even exploitation just because as a girl, you wouldn’t dare tell your parents about this threat in your life, because you trusted someone and sent them a private message or a photo without a hijab or even opened the camera in a conversation between you two.

Unfortunately, many girls cannot reveal what they experience in our society. Our society blames the girl for her behaviour, regardless of how she was tricked by the person who exploited or took advantage of her feelings for him, kindness, or trust in him. The society often disregards the danger, regret, and depression resulting from experiencing such psychological violence.

Sharing a photo without a hijab, or even an ordinary yet private photo, can suddenly turn into a threat of scandal or exploitation to demand more. A single private photo can lead to requests for more photos and videos, all under the threat of maintaining your reputation or facing a scandal.

The problem nowadays is that it is easy to access the account of the girl’s father or mother or the whole world around her, making scandalizing her easier than it used to be. Digital communication on all platforms has made it easier to blackmail. It also made it easier to spread news and scandals.

Sending a photo or video may cause blackmail and bargaining in the form of extortion for other requests under the threat of a scandal, whether intentional or not. Someone may resort to sending a virus link and then have the ability to access all the files on a girl’s phone, resulting in possessing complete files, not just a single photo. The danger can come not only from those we trust but, from any message we receive.

The threat may include a series of demands that a girl cannot refuse out of fear of being blamed, criticized, reproached, and punished. Unfortunately, this can lead to a form of control over her thoughts and actions until she complies with the blackmailer’s demands who is determined to exert his power over her. Eventually, she may end up either as a victim of rape,  human or organ trafficking, prostitution, or she may even commit suicide out of desperation not to be exposed.

This is not the only thing that can destroy a girl on the internet. I have noticed the amount of attacks on girls’ opinions on any issue or even a photo. The attacks start with silencing her, belittling her opinion or even attacking her and sending hurtful messages to her and her family. Sometimes, it even includes messages just for harassment!

The internet and the digital community are often unsafe because they allow everyone and anyone to comment and attack without being subject to strict censorship. This could be due to the language differences between platform rules and written content.

I recently commented on a feminist page’s post about ‘reasons for ending a relationship by the girl in different cases’, and even though the page is feminist and mainly targets girls, I found a sudden attack from men. The pathetic thing was that they all were using the word ‘’feminist’’ as if it was an insult or a curse.  This is extremely disturbing and, in my opinion, constitutes intellectual terrorism aimed to continuously undermine women’s freedom of expression and belittle their opinions.

What is more concerning is when you open your messages in the others box and find messages from unknown individuals, some offering or requesting sexual services, others insulting your opinions, or verbally harassing you just because they saw a regular photo of the girl.

The digital world is full of endless harassment, characterized by the boldness or impudence of the men who harass women, due to the absence of supervision or the certainty that there is no punishment. Men justify their transgressions on the girl’s right to post her photos or write on the internet by claiming that she allowed them to do so simply because she has an account on a platform.

Blackmail is a crime with laws that punish it. Every girl must know that even if she makes a mistake, there are laws to protect her from those who transgress not only the law but also basic human ethics and principles. Every girl should realize that it is her right to speak up and report anyone who abuses or blackmails her. By reporting, she is helping the justice system to get rid of those offenders and saving not only herself and others from falling into the same trap.

Consequently, Egyptian girls and women should beware of falling into such traps, even from close people, as it can severely affect their mental health due to the fear and anxiety from threats. It is the perpetrator who violated your rights and privacy and you only have to report him and learn how to manage your content and photos, and not hesitate to seek help before becoming deeply entangled. Offenders feel a sense of victory when they see their victims’ weakness, but reporting and trusting that someone will defend you means you are not alone in this battle.

Towards a Legislation Criminalizing Child Marriage

The phenomenon of child marriage has become an escalating dangerous social practice with increasing rates in recent years, not only in the Arab Republic of Egypt but also in many countries worldwide, especially in African countries and some East Asian countries. However, the situation in the Arab Republic of Egypt, where child marriage constitutes violence against children and a violation of their social, economic, and familial rights, makes this phenomenon worthy of investigation and discussion. It deserves legal regulation through criminalization and punishment if the elements of the crime and conditions for punishment are met.

Perhaps the political will to urge the legislative authority to consider issuing a law to criminalize child marriage is an effective and influential support in addressing this phenomenon.

In addition to the efforts of civil society, which is always considered the closest and fastest to monitor and survey such cases and phenomena, and in response to this growing attention around this phenomenon, the following points can be presented on the necessity of issuing a law to criminalize child marriage.

For more information, please check this legal paper by Counsellor Dr. Moataz Mohamed Abu Zeid: (Please note that the legal paper is in Arabic)

https://edraak-eg.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/legal-analysis-on-child-marriage-in-Egypt-by-Jude-Moataz-abou-zaid-1.pdf

To Prevent It from Becoming Customary

Written by Zeinab Kheir

Lawyer / Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Egyptian Association for Economic and Social Rights on the Issue of #ChildMarriage

This definition refers to both official marriage and unofficial unions before the age of 18. The problems resulting from this phenomenon are numerous ranging from legal, social and psychological issues. Article 31 of the Egyptian Child Law has created legal and social dilemmas by stating, “no marriage contract may be documented for those of both sexes who have not reached the age of eighteen full calendar years” meaning it is not permissible to document the marriage contract for anyone under the age of eighteen years. Thus, Article 31 prohibits “documentation” but not “marriage,” which has opened a back door for customary marriages that are socially tolerated and accepted with complicity linked to traditions and customs. This has become a tributary to problems such as proving paternity issues and citizenship acquisition, especially in cases of divorce or the father’s death before officially registering the marriage. Additionally, it deprives girls of their marital rights as outlined in the Personal Status Law and leads to various social problems, such as early divorce, extended reproductive life for women, high birth rates, and lack of women’s participation in the labour market.

A study on the response to rapid population growth in Egypt revealed that “one in six girls is married before turning eighteen.” This problem is exacerbated by poor economic conditions, especially in rural areas and among female-headed households. Moreover, the high return from marrying off young girls to non-Egyptians, which is classified as human trafficking, has led to the exploitation of girls and their trafficking, forming gangs of lawyers, marriage officiants, and heartless heads of families.

The main health and psychological effects of early marriage include miscarriages, repeated miscarriages, spinal deformities, obstructed labour, high maternal and infant mortality rates, and premature births. Early marriage also causes psychological issues such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety, along with disrupted sexual relationships between spouses. It deprives girls of education, widens the gender gap in education and employment opportunities, and increases gender discrimination indicators.

To reduce this phenomenon, efforts must be made on several fronts. Firstly, the Child Law should be amended to prohibit marriage (not just documentation) before the full age of 18. Penalties for marrying off underage girls should be increased, with violations by marriage officiants being referred to the Penal Code under charges of forgery of official documents. Additionally, mechanisms for networking among concerned parties, especially civil society organisations, should be strengthened to rehabilitate girls who were married early, particularly victims of human trafficking, socially, health-wise, and economically.

Guide for Women Parliamentarians: Supporting Women’s Rights

 

The guide was prepared by researcher Mahmoud Abdel Zaher. It was issued by Edraak Foundation for Development and Equality and strategic partner Love Matters Program. The guide includes three main axes: the first axis deals with an introduction to understanding gender issues and reproductive rights and sexual rights, as well as explains the concept of discrimination and violence against women in Egypt by applying both concepts to both female genital mutilation (FGM) and early marriage.

The second axis deals with the basic concepts of parliamentary work according to the 2014 Constitution; the composition and organization of the House of Representatives and its main functions. The monitoring tools that can be utilized and the qualitative committees in the House of Representatives that direct the conversation towards the Senate.

Finally, the third axis deals with how to advocate for women’s issues through parliamentary work. This focused on the role of public policies in advocating for women’s issues starting from the public policy-making cycle; what are responsive public policies and how to build alliances and networking as means to advocate for women’s issues. It also included how to build gender-sensitive media content. Furthermore, it contained an appendix of interventions that would advocate for women’s issues at both the legislative and policy levels.

 

To view the full guide:Parliamentary-Training-Manual-5

Gender-Based Violence Crimes Observatory Report 2022

The report aims to provide an analytical reading of the violent crimes against women and girls in Egypt during the year 2022. The report incorporates both descriptive and analytical approaches in collecting information and data, following the monitoring of and documenting the media coverage of the majority of gender-based violence crimes against women and girls posted in official and private newspapers issued in the spatial scope of the Arab Republic of Egypt and during a time frame that includes the year 2022.

You can view the report here: تقرير مرصد جرائم العنف 2022